Is identity non‐contingent?

Noncontingent Reinforcement: Some Additional Comments

I agree with Poling and Normand’s (1999) view that noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is an incorrect description of time-based procedures that reduce behavior rates. I also agree that schedule descriptors, such as fixedtime attention or fixed-time escape, are more accurate. Since the publication of Vollmer, Iwata, Zarcone, Smith, and Mazaleski (1993), I have received numerous comments about ter...

Some Effects of Noncontingent Success

The Identity Is The

Let a deck of n cards be shuffled by successively exchanging the cards in positions 1, 2,. .. , n with cards in randomly chosen positions. We show that for n ≥ 18, the identity permutation is the most likely. We prove a surprising symmetry of the resulting distribution on permutations. We also obtain the limiting distribution of the number of fixed points as n → ∞.

Why Identity Is Fundamental

Noncontingent reinforcement is an empirically supported treatment for problem behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities.

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is a function-based treatment for problem behavior that has produced robust effects across a variety of response topographies and reinforcement functions among individuals with developmental disabilities. Several narrative reviews have adequately described this literature. The purpose of the present article was to quantitatively analyze and classify the empiric...